FREDERICK DOUGLASS TO GERRIT SMITH

Rochester[, N.Y.] 18 December 1860[.]

HON: GERRIT SMITHSmith, Gerrit

Gerrit Smith (1797– 1874), a New York businessman and land speculator, became best known for his philanthropic work for such reform causes as temperance and abolition. Between 1828 and 1835, he donated large sums of money to the American Colonization Society, but abandoned that movement in 1835 when his sympathies shifted to the immediate abolitionists. In the 1840s, he gave approximately 140,000 acres of land in upstate New York to three thousand black settlers, thus qualifying them to vote. Smith was a founder and frequent candidate of the Liberty party, running for governor of New York on that ticket in 1840 and winning a seat in Congress in 1852. When the Free Soil merger with moderate antislavery Democrats and Whigs lured away many Liberty party supporters, Smith helped bankroll that organization until 1860. Smith befriended Douglass when the latter moved to Rochester, and Smith frequently helped finance Frederick Douglass’ Paper. Like Douglass, Smith supported John Brown, but psychological stress caused by the failure at Harpers Ferry brought on the first of a series of bipolar episodes that greatly reduced his subsequent reform activities. Ralph Volney Harlow, Gerrit Smith: Philanthropist and Reformer (1939; New York, 1972); Gerald Sorin, The New York Abolitionists: A Case Study of Political Radicalism (Westport, Conn., 1971), 269– 87; Lewis Perry, Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973), 170– 80; John R. McKivigan and Madeleine Leveille, “The ‘Black Dream’ of Gerrit Smith, New York Abolitionist,” Syracuse University Library Associates Courier, 20:61– 76 (Fall 1985); NCAB , 2:322– 23; DAB, 17:270– 71.
MY DEAR SIR:
I am just home from the east. I found all your kind notes¹No correspondence from Gerrit Smith to Douglass in the immediately preceding period has
survived. and thank you
for them. I have been roughly handled²In November 1860, the “John Brown Anniversary Committee,” led by James Redpath, organized a convention in Boston, Massachusetts, to memorialize the first anniversary of John Brown’s death. This convention also planned to address the question of the abolition of slavery. Following the recent election of Abraham Lincoln, many of Boston’s business leaders denounced the meeting as ‘‘anti-Southern” in nature. Regardless of this disapproval, no one expected violence at the event. The committee invited Douglass to speak, and the first meeting began at Tremont Temple on 3 December 1860. Soon a majority of the audience turned hostile, and an antiabolitionist group attempted to take control of the meetings. Douglass continued to speak despite efforts to silence him. After three hours of conflict between the two groups, the Boston mayor ordered police to disband the meeting. McKivigan, Forgotten Firebrand, 59–60; Douglass Papers, ser. 1, 3:387–88.—but not much hurt. The jar of
dragging down the steps of Tremont Temple was considerable, and left
me a little sore but this is hardly worth mentioning. I was well heard on
the following Sunday morning in Music Hall.³On 9 December 1860, Douglass addressed an audience at Boston’s Music Hall. Although
scheduled to deliver his lecture “Self-Made Men,” Douglass mainly commented on the mob at
tack that had occurred six days earlier. After repeated interruptions, Douglass finally concluded his
speech, and the audience erupted in shouts and catcalls, resulting in one man’s ejection. Douglass
Papers, ser. 1, 3:420.
My fighting on the day of
the mob was after a very small pattern—not large enough to Shock even
your peace views—My aim was less to injure than to keep from being injured—and in this my Success was truly marvellous—for the crowd was at one time truly ferocious—The Tribunes account of the mob⁴The New York Tribune described the meeting’s opponents as “a diversified mob, composed chiefly of North End toughs and Beacon street aristocrats.” New York Tribune, 4,7 December 1860—was is
the best. That in Mr GarrisonGarrison, William Lloyd

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-79) was the foremost white abolitionist of the nineteenth century and was credited with the discovery of Douglass as a speaker at an antislavery meeting in Nantucket in 1841. He began his career as an apprentice printer on the Newburyport (Mass.) Herald at the age of thirteen. Garrison became editor of the Newburyport Free Press in 1826, but the paper closed within a year. He was then associated with a series of periodicals in Boston that advocated reform before Benjamin Lundy offered the young journalist the opportunity to write for his antislavery newspaper. Garrison joined Lundy in editing the Genius of Universal Emancipation in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1829, during the last year of the paper's 1821-1830 run. In 1830 a libel suit against the editors forced the paper to close and landed Garrison in jail. After his release, he courted the wealthy merchants of New York and Boston in order to start the Liberator (1831-65), a weekly journal based in Boston in which he advocated an immediate end to slavery. Garrison's brand of abolition condemned any institution that would tolerate the existence of slavery, including churches, political parties. and even the United States itself and any scheme aimed at removing black people from the country. Instead, Garrison hoped to raise the public's awareness that slavery was morally wrong and thereby force its end in an almost millennial moment of emancipation. His approach appealed to both white and black antislavery advocates but earned him many enemies among those only moderately opposed to slavery and slaveholders alike. Seeing the need for greater action and organization beyond the pages of the Liberator; Garrison joined with other abolitionists to form the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1831. Two years later he helped found the larger American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1833 he established ties with English abolitionists after a trip to Great Britain, and he later brought the noted and notorious speaker George Thompson to the United States for a tour. Garrison also dedicated himself to women's rights, encouraging women to enter the public sphere by inviting them, via the Liberator, to form female antislavery societies. In addition to the thirty-three women's antislavery societies that flourished by 1838, Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society welcomed women as well as blacks into its ranks. However, female delegates were excluded from the World's Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 in London. The issue of women's participation in the antislavery movement and Garrison's absolute refusal to turn to politics to end slavery caused a division in the American Anti-Slavery Society. Brothers Lewis and Arthur Tappan, who opposed women's acting as speakers and who hoped to use politics toward abolition, broke with Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society, forming the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, or the "New Organization" in 1841. Garrison's ideas were so closely associated with the "Old Organization" that the American Anti-Slavery Society became known simply as the "Garrisonians." With the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, Garrison believed that he had accomplished his life's work and that of the antislavery movement. He then resigned from the presidency of the American Anti-Slavery Society and closed the Liberator. Wendell Phillips Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children, 4 vols. (New York, 188589); Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York, 1998); James Brewer Stewart, William Lloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1992); John L. Thomas, The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison (Boston, 1963); Dictionary of American Biography, 20 vols. (New York, 1928-36), 7:168-72. paper⁵Lib., 7, 14 December 1860. the worse.

It was taken from the Boston Post⁶The Boston Post was a daily morning paper first published in November 1831. Throughout its history, the paper typically supported the Democratic party. Boston Post, 4 December 1860; Hudson, Journalism in the United States, 389.—while [there] were far more accurate and truthful accounts of the affair in the Boston Traveller⁷The Boston Traveller was an evening and weekly newspaper that generally supported the Democratic party. In reporting on the mob attack in Boston, Douglass printed an article in his monthly newspaper written by a correspondent for the New York Tribune mentioning the Boston Traveller. In the article, the correspondent claimed that the Traveller contained a good report of the event, but that the accounts were somewhat biased towards the rioters. DM, 3:393 (January1861); Hudson, Journalism in the United States, 383. and other papers of the City.⁸Among the other local reports of the antiabolition attack on the John Brown meeting at Tremont Temple were those in the Boston Daily Morning Journal, 3 December 1860; Boston Daily Evening Transcript, 3 December 1860; Boston Advertiser, 4 December 1860; and Boston Semi-Weekly Courier, 6 December 1860. Mr G—felt a little nettled that he had not been counselled with about holding the meeting. As much as this comes out in his
Editorial notice of the Affair. He Should have indulged no Such feeling in
view of his non resistant principles. Mr Whipple⁹Charles King Whipple (1808–1900) was an author and abolitionist. A close friend of William Lloyd Garrison, he assisted in editing the Liberator. Douglass implies that Whipple was less critical than Garrison of the event at the Tremont Temple. Garrison believed that the convention would prove a failure, mainly because “no conference or consultation whatever was had with the long-tried advocates of the Anti-Slavery cause, who, if they had been consulted, would have suggested a very different mode of procedure.” As Douglass suggests, Garrison seemed bitter that he had not been asked about how to organize the meetings. Whipple’s editorial in the Liberator was more supportive of the abolitionist convention. He described the rioters as profane supporters of slavery and questioned the delayed actions of the Boston police. He criticized the leaders of the rioters, too, who claimed that they would attempt to shut down public meetings that were, in their opinion, orchestrated by political demagogues. Lib., 7, 14 December 1860; Merrill and Ruchames, Garrison Letters, 4:582, 666. was less affected—Phillips¹⁰Wendell Phillips made four appearances in Boston in December 1860 and January 1861, which included the ceremony to commemorate the first anniversary of John Brown’s death. When the mob attacked the abolitionists at the Tremont Temple, Phillips urged Governor John A. Andrew to call out the militia. Andrew refused, forcing the Boston police to shut down the meeting. Douglass praised Phillips’s participation in the event and acknowledged that the latter had attended the abolitionist meeting despite the mob threatening to tear down his house. Phillips also spoke at the Joy Street Church, where the abolitionists regrouped later in the evening to continue their meetings. At the conclusion of his speech, Phillips returned to his home under the guard of his friends. The mob attempted to overtake his guard as they walked home, but Phillips was not injured. DM, 3:385, 391 (January 1861); Irving H. Bartlett, Wendell Phillips: Brahmin Radical (Boston, 1961), 226–27; Oscar Sherwin, Prophet of Liberty: The Life and Times of Wendell Phillips (New York: 1958), 418; James Brewer Stewart, Wendell Phillips: Liberty’s Hero (Baton Rouge, La., 1986), 213. never appeared more truly grand—than when facing the mob—I am Soon to leave home again. I was in Potsdam¹¹In late 1860 Douglass traveled to the northern New York community of Potsdam in St. Lawrence County and spoke at the St. Lawrence Academy, a state-supported normal school that evolved into the State University of New York at Potsdam. Watertown Daily Times, 6 November 2011. all last week—and had the misfortune of being told by an indignant proslavery man that you and I should both be hanged! He Said that the present deplorable condition of the Country was due to just such men as yourself—Will the Republicans surrender? Better the desolution of the Union many times over. I can get only a Small part of your Sermon into the present monthly¹²News of the rapidly worsening secession crisis and reports of the mob attack on the John Brown commemoration in Boston crowded the next several issues of Douglass’ Monthly. Douglass finally published lengthy extracts from an address Smith gave in Peterboro on 18 November 1860, in an article entitled “Gerrit Smith on Bible Civil Government,” in DM, 3:412–14 (February 1861).—Your faith
ful friend—

FREDK DOUGLASS—

ALS: Gerrit Smith Papers, NSyU.