Front matter--Acknowledgments, Abbreviations, and Sigla
THE FREDERICK DOUGLASS PAPERS
Series Three: Correspondence
VOLUME 2: 1853–1865
[illustration here not included in digital edition]
Frederick Douglass, c. 1853. Frontispiece, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855). Courtesy of the Department of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation, University of Rochester River Campus Libraries.
THE
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
PAPERS
Series Three: Correspondence
Volume 2: 1853–1865
John R. McKivigan, Editor
Associate Editors: L. Diane Barnes, Jeffery A. Duvall
Assistant Editors: James A. Hanna, Heather L. Kaufman,
Whitney R. Smith
Research Assistants: Eamonn P. Brandon, Bridget Brown,
Kate Burzlaff, Randolph Gaines, Austen Hurt,
Rebecca A. Pattillo, Alex Smith, Andrew Wiley,
Lauren Zachary
Yale University Press New Haven and London
Published with assistance from The National
Historical Publications and Records Commission.
Copyright © 2018 by Yale University.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part,
including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying
permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright
Law and except by reviewers for the public press),
without written permission from the publishers.
Yale University Press books may be purchased in
quantity for educational, business, or promotional use.
For information, please e-mail:
sales.press@yale.edu (U.S. office)
or
sales@yaleup.co.uk (U.K. office).
Set in Times Roman type by Newgen North America.
Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN: 978-0-300-21830-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017942334
A catalogue record for this book is available from the
British Library.
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper).
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
Mary F. Berry
Richard J. M. Blackett
David W. Blight
Robert Hall
Stanley Harrold
Nancy A. Hewitt
Howard R. Lamar
Robert S. Levine
John Stauffer
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb vi 1/26/18 9:41 AM
Contents
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations and Sigla xvii
Introduction to Volume Two xxi
Timeline of Douglass’s Life xxvii
Illustrations xxxiv
CORRESPONDENCE OF DOUGLASS
1853
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 14 January 1853 1
Abner Bates to Frederick Douglass, 11 February 1853 6
Gerrit Smith to Frederick Douglass, 24 February 1853 7
Frederick Douglass to Harriet Beecher Stowe, 8 March 1853 10
Martin Robinson Delany to Frederick Douglass, 20 March 1853 20
Henry Patrick to Frederick Douglass, 4 April 1853 23
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 6 April 1853 25
Frederick Douglass to William H. Seward, 16 April 1853 26
Uriah Boston to Frederick Douglass, April 1853 26
Frederick Douglass to William H. Seward, 23 April 1853 28
James Catlin to Frederick Douglass, 25 May 1853 29
William W. Chapman to Frederick Douglass, 18 June 1853 31
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 15 July 1853 32
L. Delos Mansfield to Frederick Douglass, 12 August 1853 34
John Brown to Frederick Douglass, 18 August 1853 38
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 2 September 1853 41
James Monroe Whitfield to Frederick Douglass, 15 November 1853 44
Martin Robinson Delany to Frederick Douglass, 22 November 1853 54
Charlotte K—— to Frederick Douglass, 26 November 1853 56
W. L. Crandal to Frederick Douglass, 10 December 1853 59
John Boyer Vashon to Frederick Douglass, 17 December 1853 61
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 23 December 1853 62
Richard Baxter Foster to Frederick Douglass, 28 December 1853 63
Charles W. Stuart to Frederick Douglass, 31 December 1853 65
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb vii 1/26/18 9:41 AM
viii CONTENTS
1854
Julia Griffiths to Frederick Douglass, 9 January 1854 69
John Brown to Frederick Douglass, 9 January 1854 69
Frederick Douglass to Calvin Stowe, 17 January 1854 72
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 27 February 1854 73
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 6 March 1854 74
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 18 March 1854 75
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 29 April 1854 76
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 6 May 1854 78
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 19 May 1854 79
Gerrit Smith to Frederick Douglass, 12 June 1854 80
James Rawson Johnson to Frederick Douglass, 4 July 1854 81
Nemo to Frederick Douglass, 19 July 1854 84
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 22 August 1854 87
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 23 August 1854 89
Gerrit Smith to Frederick Douglass, 28 August 1854 90
Amos Gerry Beman to Frederick Douglass, 4 September 1854 101
Frederick Douglass to Amos Gerry Beman, 6 September 1854 102
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 7 September 1854 103
Jehiel C. Beman to Frederick Douglass, 7 September 1854 105
Franklin Turner to Frederick Douglass, 13 October 1854 107
Josiah Letchworth to Frederick Douglass, 27 October 1854 109
George DeBaptiste to Frederick Douglass, 5 November 1854 111
William Wright to Frederick Douglass, 17 November 1854 112
Jermain Wesley Loguen to Frederick Douglass, 4 December 1854 116
George Weir, Jr., to Frederick Douglass, 11 December 1854 118
1855
Inspector to Frederick Douglass, 24 February 1855 119
Lewis Tappan to Frederick Douglass, 9 March 1855 122
Isaiah C. Weir to Frederick Douglass, 12 March 1855 124
William Wells Brown to Frederick Douglass, 16 March 1855 125
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 27 March 1855 127
Russell Lant Carpenter to Frederick Douglass, 13 April 1855 128
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 24 April 1855 129
Frederick Douglass to James McCune Smith, 2 July 1855 131
Julia Griffiths to Frederick Douglass, 2 July 1855 133
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 18 July 1855 143
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 14 August 1855 144
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb viii 1/26/18 9:41 AM
CONTENTS ix
John Brown, Jr., to Frederick Douglass, 15 August 1855 145
Uriah Boston to Frederick Douglass, 28 September 1855 149
Philip Church Schuyler to Frederick Douglass, 7 October 1855 152
James Rawson Johnson to Frederick Douglass, 18 October 1855 156
William E. Whiting to Frederick Douglass, 23 November 1855 159
Cynthia Potter Bliss to Frederick Douglass, 23 November 1855 160
Harriet Beecher Stowe to Frederick Douglass, 24 November 1855 162
Frederick Douglass to Simeon S. Jocelyn, 15 December 1855 163
Lewis Tappan to Frederick Douglass, 21 December 1855 164
1856
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 1 January 1856 165
Frederick Douglass to William Lloyd Garrison, 13 January 1856 166
John Manross to Frederick Douglass, 14 January 1856 167
Frederick Douglass to Alta Lucia Gray Hilliard Wallingford,
28 January 1856 172
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 20 February 1856 174
Charles W. Stuart to Frederick Douglass, 10 March 1856 175
Frederick Douglass to Alta Lucia Gray Hilliard Wallingford,
14 March 1856 177
Rebecca Williamson to Frederick Douglass, 30 March 1856 178
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 12 April 1856 179
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 16 April 1856 180
Frederick Douglass to Benjamin Coates, 17 April 1856 182
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 1 May 1856 184
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 23 May 1856 185
Hiram Putnam to Frederick Douglass, 7 July 1856 187
Frederick Douglass to Joseph Comstock Hathaway, 29 July 1856 188
John W. Hurn to Frederick Douglass, 24 August 1856 189
J. W. Fox to Frederick Douglass, 29 August 1856 192
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 31 August 1856 193
Auburn to Frederick Douglass, 5 September 1856 195
Frederick Douglass to Susan Inches Lesley, 6 September 1856 197
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 6 September 1856 198
Lewis Tappan to Frederick Douglass, 6 December 1856 199
Frederick Douglass to John Brown, 7 December 1856 200
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 16 December 1856 201
Lewis Tappan to Frederick Douglass, 19 December 1856 202
Lewis Tappan to Frederick Douglass, 27 December 1856 205
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb ix 1/26/18 9:41 AM
x CONTENTS
1857
Thomas Smith to Frederick Douglass, 28 February 1857 208
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 16 April 1857 208
Frederick Douglass to Lydia Dennett, 17 April 1857 209
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 20 April 1857 211
Frederick Douglass to the Secretary of the Edinburgh Ladies’
New Anti-Slavery Association, 9 July 1857 212
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 13 October 1857 214
Frederick Douglass to Maria G. Porter, 13 October 1857 215
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 14 December 1857 215
Normal to Frederick Douglass, 25 December 1857 217
1858
Frederick Douglass to Mary Anne Day Brown, 30 January 1858 224
John Brown to Frederick Douglass, 22 June 1858 226
Frederick Douglass to Samuel D. Porter, 21 July 1858 227
Ottilie Assing to Frederick Douglass, 12 August 1858 228
Frederick Douglass to Margaret Denman Cropper,
3 September 1858 231
Frederick Douglass to Isaac Butts, 11 October 1858 233
Stephen A. Myers to Frederick Douglass, 6 December 1858 236
James McCune Smith to Frederick Douglass, 28 December 1858 239
1859
James McCune Smith to Frederick Douglass, 12 January 1859 241
Rosetta Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 2 February 1859 247
Julia Griffiths to Frederick Douglass 4 February 1859 250
Stephen A. Myers to Frederick Douglass, 1 March 1859 254
William James Watkins to Frederick Douglass, 4 March 1859 256
Frederick Douglass to John Jay, 11 April 1859 265
John Jay to Frederick Douglass, 26 May 1859 265
Frederick Douglass to Margaret Denman Cropper, 27 May 1859 266
Frederick Douglass to James Hall, 10 June 1859 268
Amy Post to Frederick Douglass, 13 June 1859 269
Gerrit Smith to Frederick Douglass, 19 September 1859 272
Frederick Douglass to Hugh Auld, 4 October 1859 275
Frederick Douglass to Samuel P. Allen, 31 October 1859 277
Frederick Douglass to Maria Lamb Webb, 30 November 1859 281
Rosetta Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 6 December 1859 283
Frederick Douglass to Helen Doncaster, 7 December 1859 286
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb x 1/26/18 9:41 AM
CONTENTS xi
Annie Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 7 December 1859 287
Frederick Douglass to Elihu Burritt, 31 December 1859 288
1860
Frederick Douglass to Maria G. Porter, 11 January 1860 291
Frederick Douglass to Amy Post, January 1860 294
Frederick Douglass to George Thompson, 18 February 1860 299
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 9 June 1860 300
Frederick Douglass to James Redpath, 29 June 1860 301
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 2 July 1860 303
Frederick Douglass to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 25 August 1860 305
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 7 September 1860 306
Frederick Douglass to “A Friend in England,” 9 October 1860 307
Frederick Douglass to William Lloyd Garrison, 15 October 1860 311
Charles Happ to Frederick Douglass, 15 October 1860 313
Frederick Douglass to Charles Happ, 16 October 1860 313
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 18 December 1860 314
Frederick Douglass to Sarah Southam Cash, December 1860 316
1861
Frederick Douglass to William Buell Sprague, 1 May 1861 318
Frederick Douglass to Susan B. Anthony, 5 June 1861 319
Martha Waldo Brown Greene to Frederick Douglass,
8 November 1861 320
Julia Griffiths Crofts to Frederick Douglass, 6 December 1861 322
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 22 December 1861 325
Maria Lamb Webb to Frederick Douglass, 31 December 1861 326
1862
Frederick Douglass to “A Friend in England,” 7 March 1862 328
Frederick Douglass to George Barrell Cheever, 5 April 1862 329
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 8 April 1862 331
Theodore Tilton to Frederick Douglass, 30 April 1862 332
W. W. Tate to Frederick Douglass, 2 June 1862 333
Alexander Crummell to Frederick Douglass, 12 July 1862 337
Austin Willey to Frederick Douglass, 26 July 1862 340
Frederick Douglass to Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, 27 August 1862 341
Rosetta Douglass to Frederick and Anna Murray Douglass,
31 August 1862 342
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 8 September 1862 347
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb xi 1/26/18 9:41 AM
xii CONTENTS
Montgomery Blair to Frederick Douglass, 11 September 1862 348
Frederick Douglass to Montgomery Blair, 16 September 1862 350
Rosetta Douglass to Frederick and Anna Murray Douglass,
24 September 1862 361
Rosetta Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 9 October 1862 365
Frederick Douglass to Theodore Tilton, 21 October 1862 369
Frederick Douglass to Theodore Tilton, 22 November 1862 371
John Jones to Frederick Douglass, 1 December 1862 372
Henry Richardson to Frederick Douglass, 4 December 1862 373
Julia Griffiths Crofts to Frederick Douglass, 5 December 1862 377
John Elliot Cairnes to Frederick Douglass, 31 December 1862 379
1863
H. Ford Douglas to Frederick Douglass, 8 January 1863 381
Frederick Douglass to Samuel J. May, 28 January 1863 384
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 6 March 1863 386
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 9 March 1863 389
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 14 April 1863 390
George Evans to Frederick Douglass, 6 June 1863 391
Lucinda Hosmer to Frederick Douglass, 7 June 1863 394
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 19 June 1863 402
Frederick Douglass to Edwin M. Stanton, 13 July 1863 404 Lewis H. Douglass to Frederick and Anna Murray Douglass,
20 July 1863 405
Frederick Douglass to Robert Hamilton, 27 July 1863 409
Frederick Douglass to George L. Stearns, 1 August 1863 412
Frederick Douglass to George L. Stearns, 12 August 1863 416
Frederick Douglass to Edwin M. Stanton, 17 August 1863 420
Frederick Douglass to Thomas Webster, 18 August 1863 421
Frederick Douglass to Charles W. Foster, 24 August 1863 422
George L. Stearns to Frederick Douglass, 29 August 1863 423
Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 8 September 1863 424
Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 18 September 1863 426
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 10 October 1863 427
Frederick Douglass to Louise Tobias Dorsey, 21 November 1863 428
1864
Mary Browne Carpenter to Frederick Douglass, 19 February 1864 431
Frederick Douglass to Edward Gilbert, 22 May 1864 436
CONTENTS xiii
Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 31 May 1864 437
Frederick Douglass to Mary Browne Carpenter, June 1864 441
Julia Griffiths Crofts to Frederick Douglass, 19 August 1864 447
Lewis H. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 22 August 1864 452
Frederick Douglass to Abraham Lincoln, 29 August 1864 454
Frederick Douglass to William Lloyd Garrison,
17 September 1864 456
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 21 September 1864 460
Frederick Douglass to Theodore Tilton, 15 October 1864 460
Frederick Douglass to Jacob C. White, Jr., December 1864 466
1865
Frederick Douglass to Julia Griffiths Crofts, 4 January 1865 468
Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 9 February 1865 471
Charles R. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 19 February 1865 474
Rosetta Douglass Sprague to Frederick Douglass,
21 February 1865 476
Julia Griffiths Crofts to Frederick Douglass, 28 April 1865 478
Frederick Douglass to Charles Sumner, 29 April 1865 481
Frederick Douglass to James Miller McKim, 2 May 1865 482
Frederick Douglass to Sylvester Rosa Koëhler, 9 June 1865 484
Lewis H. Douglass to Frederick Douglass, 9 June 1865 485
Frederick Douglass to William Syphax and John F. Cook,
1 July 1865 489
Frederick Douglass to Lydia Maria Child, 30 July 1865 491
Frederick Douglass to William J. Wilson, 8 August 1865 493
Frederick Douglass to Mary Todd Lincoln, 17 August 1865 497
William J. Wilson to Frederick Douglass, 6 September 1865 498
Frederick Douglass to Louise Tobias Dorsey, 19 September 1865 503
Frederick Douglass to Gerrit Smith, 8 October 1865 505
Calendar of Correspondence Not Printed 507
Index 605
Y7271-Douglass_9780300218305.indb xiii 1/26/18 9:41 AM
Acknowledgments
Producing another scholarly edited volume of the correspondence of Fred-
erick Douglass was a multiyear endeavor in which numerous individuals
and institutions provided significant assistance to the staff of this project.
We apologize if we fail in these brief acknowledgments to thank each of
them as fully as they deserve.
Work on the collection of the documents reproduced in this volume
began at the project’s first institutional home, Yale University, under the
direction of our first editor, John W. Blassingame. It was continued at
our second home, West Virginia University, and culminated at Indiana
University–Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), where the Doug-
lass Papers project relocated in the summer of 1998. The libraries at all
three institutions assisted us significantly. Documents were called to our
attention by staff members at repositories or archives acknowledged in in-
dividual source notes. Former staff members James H. Cook at West Vir-
ginia University and Rachael Drenvnosky at IUPUI merit special thanks
for managing our swelling databases as the number of letters to and from
Douglass grew.
Selecting the correspondence to reproduce and edit likewise spanned
a considerable number of years, beginning at West Virginia University.
Besides the individuals listed on our title pages, Emily Hall, Peter P.
Hinks, Heather Hutchinson, and Sarah K. Wagner all merit acknowledg-
ment for their participation in this task. Special assistance was supplied
by Norman Dann and A. J. Aiseirithe in our document transcription and
verification process.
At IUPUI, the School of Liberal Arts and the Departments of History
and English deserve thanks for their institutional support. A special debt
is owed to the following people at IUPUI for their assistance with the proj-
ect: Robert Barrows, Didier Gondola, Nathan Houser, Megan Liu, Kara
Petersen, David Pfeifer, Rob Rebein, Martha Rujuwa, Thomas Upton, and
Marianne Wokeck.
Gratitude is also due a number of specific individuals and organiza-
tions. Timothy Connelly and Lucy Barber from the National Historical
Publications and Records Commission, along with the staff of the National
Endowment for the Humanities, supplied valuable advice to the Doug lass Papers project over the years. Ann Gordon, director of the Elizabeth Cady Stanton–Susan B. Anthony Papers, assisted the Douglass Papers staff in locating documents. Richard G. Carlson, former member of the
Douglass Papers staff, helped formulate the editorial procedures for this
series. Professor Jonathan R. Eller, senior textual editor at the Institute
for American Thought at IUPUI, also helped significantly in finalizing
textual-editing procedures. Emily Baker and Lynette Taylor, research as-
sistants, supplied valuable help in the final phases of work on this vol-
ume. Finally, we would like to thank Laura Davulis, our former editor
at Yale University Press, and Stacey M. Robertson and Wilson J. Moses,
our scholarly reviewers for that press, for their advice and encouragement.
Abbreviations and Sigla
Abbreviations
Whenever possible, these abbreviations follow the standard Library ofCongress symbols for libraries and other repositories. Additional abbreviations of other repositories and publications follow the forms establishedby earlier series of the Douglass Papers, provided they appear three ormore times in this volume; all abbreviations for publications appear inearlier series.
| ACAB | Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography |
| ANB | American National Biography |
| ASB | Anti-Slavery Bugle |
| BDUSC (online) | Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–Present (online) |
| BFASR | British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter |
| CHSL | Connecticut State Library |
| CSmH | Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens |
| CtHIS | Connecticut Historical Society |
| CtNHAAHS | Yale University, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library |
| CtY | Yale University, Sterling Memorial Library |
| CWH | Civil War History |
| DAB | Dictionary of American Biography |
| DANB | Dictionary of American Negro Biography |
| DCB (online) | Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online) |
| DLC | Library of Congress |
| DM | Douglass’ Monthly |
| DNA | United States, National Archives and Records Administration |
| DNB | The Dictionary of National Biography |
| EAAH | Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619– 1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass |
| FD | Frederick Douglass |
| FDP | Frederick Douglass’ Paper |
| IcHi | Chicago Historical Society |
| JNH | Journal of Negro History |
| JSH | Journal of Southern History |
| KHi | Kansas State Historical Society |
| LNArc | Tulane University, Amistad Research Center |
| Lib. | Liberator |
| MB | Boston Public Library |
| MdAHR | Maryland Hall of Records |
| MdHis | Maryland Colonization Society Papers |
| MH-H | Harvard University, Houghton Library |
| MHiS | Massachusetts Historical Society |
| MiU-C | University of Michigan, William L. Clements Library |
| MWA | American Antiquarian Society |
| NASS | National Anti-Slavery Standard |
| NAW | Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary |
| NBu | Buffalo and Erie County Public Library |
| NCAB | National Cyclopaedia of American Biography |
| NEQ | New England Quarterly |
| NHB | Negro History Bulletin |
| NHi | New York Historical Society |
| NhHis | New Hampshire Historical Society |
| NIC | Cornell University |
| NjP | Princeton University |
| NN | New York Public Library |
| NNC | Columbia University |
| NRU | University of Rochester |
| NS | North Star |
| NSyU | Syracuse University |
| ODNB (online) | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) |
| OED | Oxford English Dictionary |
| PHi | Historical Society of Pennsylvania |
| PPAmP | American Philosophical Society |
| PSC-Hi | Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College |
| PTu | Temple University |
| RH | Rochester History |
| UkOxU-Rh | Oxford University, Bodleian Library, Rhodes House |
| ViU | University of Virginia |
| WAA | Weekly Anglo-African |
The following sigla are used to describe the handwriting, form, and signature of each letter published in this volume or entered into the volume’scomprehensive calendar of correspondence.
The first two capital letters describe the written form of the document:
AL: autograph letter (in author’s hand)HL: handwritten letter by someone other than the authorPL: printed letter (typeset for a newspaper, pamphlet, journal, orbook)TL: typed letter (typewritten on a machine)
The lowercase letter, when pertinent, describes the state of the letter:
d: draft (a letter composed, but not sent to the intended recipient)f: fragment (an incomplete letter, with either lost or destroyed components)e: excerpt (a partially reprinted letter from either an autograph letteror a previously published source)
The omission of incidental material in newspaper reprints, such as an insignificant postscript in a reprinted letter, does not render the reprintedletter an excerpt.
The third capital letter describes the signature:S: signed by authorSr: signed with a representation of the author’s signatureI: initialed by the authorIr: initialed with a representation of the author’s initials
The absence of a third capital letter indicates no signature or representation.Common examples would thus read ALS (autographed letter signedby the author) or PLSr (printed letter, signed, with a representation).